中美正式簽署第一階段經(jīng)貿(mào)協(xié)議：加強中美農(nóng)業(yè)合作寫入文本（附協(xié)議摘要）

當(dāng)?shù)貢r間1月15日，經(jīng)過中美兩國經(jīng)貿(mào)團隊的共同努力，在平等和相互尊重的基礎(chǔ)上，中美雙方在美國首都華盛頓正式簽署第一階段經(jīng)貿(mào)協(xié)議。協(xié)議文本包括序言、知識產(chǎn)權(quán)、技術(shù)轉(zhuǎn)讓、食品和農(nóng)產(chǎn)品、金融服務(wù)、匯率和透明度、擴大貿(mào)易、雙邊評估和爭端解決、最終條款九個章節(jié)。同時，雙方達成一致，美方將履行分階段取消對華產(chǎn)品加征關(guān)稅的相關(guān)承諾，實現(xiàn)加征關(guān)稅由升到降的轉(zhuǎn)變。協(xié)議文本主要內(nèi)容是什么？該如何解讀？人民日報記者第一時間采訪了權(quán)威專家。

（本文就協(xié)議涉及農(nóng)業(yè)方面作一報道）

◎增加中美農(nóng)業(yè)合作有利于滿足我國消費需求，推進農(nóng)業(yè)供給側(cè)結(jié)構(gòu)性改革，提升農(nóng)業(yè)發(fā)展質(zhì)量

根據(jù)協(xié)議，中美將加強和促進雙方農(nóng)業(yè)領(lǐng)域合作?！翱傮w看，農(nóng)業(yè)協(xié)議是平等互利的，我國農(nóng)民和農(nóng)業(yè)發(fā)展將獲得實實在在的利益?！敝袊嗣翊髮W(xué)國發(fā)院研究院、經(jīng)濟學(xué)院教授程大為說。

協(xié)議提出，中方將按照加入世貿(mào)組織承諾，完善小麥、玉米、大米關(guān)稅配額管理辦法。程大為表示，按照配額管理，中國一年將進口總量2000多萬噸的谷物，占全年糧食消費量的比例不過3.4%，即便全部用完配額，對國內(nèi)市場影響也很小，“中國人的飯碗依然端得穩(wěn)，飯碗里裝的主要仍是中國糧?！背檀鬄檎f。

在經(jīng)貿(mào)磋商期間，美國已發(fā)布最終規(guī)則，承認中國鲇魚監(jiān)管體系與美國等效，允許中國的熟制禽肉輸美。協(xié)議規(guī)定，美國將允許中國產(chǎn)香梨、柑橘、鮮棗等農(nóng)產(chǎn)品出口美國。美方作出的這些承諾將帶給中國農(nóng)業(yè)企業(yè)和農(nóng)民更多市場機會。

根據(jù)協(xié)議，中方將增加對美國乳品、牛肉、大豆、水產(chǎn)品、水果、飼料、寵物食品等農(nóng)產(chǎn)品進口，今后兩年平均進口規(guī)模為400億美元。在程大為看來，中美雙方農(nóng)業(yè)互補性很強，是天然的農(nóng)業(yè)合作伙伴，擴大自美農(nóng)產(chǎn)品進口有利于滿足我國消費需求，推進農(nóng)業(yè)供給側(cè)結(jié)構(gòu)性改革，提升農(nóng)業(yè)發(fā)展質(zhì)量。

2018年，我國大豆消費量為1.05億噸，國內(nèi)產(chǎn)量僅1600萬噸，缺口十分明顯。擴大進口美國大豆，將有效緩解國內(nèi)緊缺，滿足國內(nèi)飼料蛋白需求。此外，我國農(nóng)產(chǎn)品消費結(jié)構(gòu)正在升級，擴大進口有利于優(yōu)化食品結(jié)構(gòu)、豐富百姓餐桌、更好滿足美好生活需要，也有利于節(jié)約資源，推動國內(nèi)農(nóng)業(yè)加快創(chuàng)新步伐、提高生產(chǎn)效率。

值得注意的是，中方增加自美進口農(nóng)產(chǎn)品，要基于市場原則，由市場主體自主決策。美國農(nóng)產(chǎn)品的價格應(yīng)當(dāng)有競爭力，必須符合中國農(nóng)產(chǎn)品質(zhì)量安全標(biāo)準?！斑@就意味著，美國企業(yè)想在中國市場上獲得份額，必須提高競爭力，讓中國企業(yè)和消費者自愿購買，這也避免了部分美國供應(yīng)商‘坐地起價’的可能。”程大為說。

◎擴大自美進口規(guī)模符合我國既定方針和現(xiàn)實所需，將由中國企業(yè)和消費者根據(jù)市場原則自愿購買，政府不會為實現(xiàn)這一規(guī)模而采取行政指令、財政補貼等方式

協(xié)議提出，中方將擴大自美農(nóng)產(chǎn)品、能源產(chǎn)品、工業(yè)制成品、服務(wù)產(chǎn)品進口，未來兩年的進口規(guī)模，要在2017年基數(shù)上增加不少于2000億美元。對此，程大為認為，“中美雙邊貿(mào)易具有很強互補性。擴大進口有利于優(yōu)化資源配置、調(diào)整產(chǎn)業(yè)結(jié)構(gòu)、適應(yīng)消費需求、促進中國經(jīng)濟高質(zhì)量發(fā)展?！?/span>

程大為表示，中方從不刻意追求貿(mào)易順差，始終追求自由貿(mào)易，堅持通過擴大進口實現(xiàn)外貿(mào)平衡發(fā)展。連續(xù)兩年舉辦進博會、大幅度降低部分進口商品關(guān)稅已經(jīng)充分說明，擴大進口是中方的既定方針和一貫的工作方向。

擴大進口符合經(jīng)濟規(guī)律。與美國相比，中國在制造業(yè)、服務(wù)業(yè)、農(nóng)業(yè)等領(lǐng)域尚有差距，擴大自美進口有利于更好滿足人民日益增長的美好生活需要，提高國內(nèi)企業(yè)創(chuàng)新能力和經(jīng)營效率，推動產(chǎn)業(yè)轉(zhuǎn)型升級。增加自美能源進口，將有助于我國實現(xiàn)能源進口多元化，保障能源供給安全。而且雙方將基于市場價格和商業(yè)考慮開展采購活動。

擴大進口會不會沖擊中國產(chǎn)業(yè)？程大為認為，短期看，擴大進口可能會影響部分中國企業(yè)的市場空間，但看大局、看長遠，技術(shù)進口的溢出效應(yīng)、先進管理理念和機制的引入以及外部壓力和良性競爭的倒逼都將有利于我國產(chǎn)業(yè)加快轉(zhuǎn)型升級。

未來兩年自美進口增加不少于2000億美元能否實現(xiàn)？程大為認為，首先，我國擁有近14億人口的大市場和4億中等收入群體，中國經(jīng)濟穩(wěn)中向好、長期向好的基本趨勢沒有改變，對中國市場需求的穩(wěn)定增長要有足夠信心。其次，不少于2000億美元的商品將由中國企業(yè)和消費者根據(jù)市場原則自愿購買，“政府不會為實現(xiàn)這一規(guī)模而采取行政指令、財政補貼等方式。”此外，為實現(xiàn)這一規(guī)模，美方也要創(chuàng)造有利條件，應(yīng)確保采取適當(dāng)舉措以便有足夠的美國商品和服務(wù)供中國采購和進口。這還將推進美國將一些中國企業(yè)移出“實體清單”，“如果中國企業(yè)因為‘實體清單’限制而在經(jīng)營上受到影響、采購能力打折，無法進口足夠的產(chǎn)品和服務(wù)，那么責(zé)任就完全在美方。”程大為說。

擴大自美進口，會不會影響其他貿(mào)易伙伴的利益？程大為認為，“中國市場空間巨大，也始終歡迎各國供應(yīng)商平等競爭，只要各國的產(chǎn)品和服務(wù)足夠優(yōu)質(zhì)，就不愁在中國市場找不到空間。”

附：美國貿(mào)易代表辦公室：聲明和協(xié)議文本

美國貿(mào)易代表辦公室聲明：

Washington, DC –  The United States and China have reached an historic and enforceable agreement on a Phase One trade deal that requires structural reforms and other changes to China’s economic and trade regime in theareas of intellectual property, technology transfer, agriculture, financial services, and currency and foreign exchange. The Phase One agreement also includes a commitment by China that it will make substantial additional purchases of U.S. goods and services in the comingyears.  Importantly, the agreement establishes a strong dispute resolution system that ensures prompt and effective implementation and enforcement. The United States has agreed to modify its Section 301 tariff actions in a significant way. 

 美國和中國就第一階段貿(mào)易協(xié)議達成了一項具有歷史意義和可執(zhí)行的協(xié)議，該協(xié)議要求在知識產(chǎn)權(quán)、技術(shù)轉(zhuǎn)讓、農(nóng)業(yè)、金融服務(wù)、貨幣和外匯等領(lǐng)域?qū)χ袊慕?jīng)濟和貿(mào)易體制進行結(jié)構(gòu)性改革和其他改變。第一階段協(xié)議還包括：中國承諾在未來幾年內(nèi)增加購買大量美國商品和服務(wù)。更為重要的是，該協(xié)議建立了強有力的爭端解決機制，以確保迅速和有效地實施和執(zhí)行。美國已同意大幅修改其根據(jù)301法案制定的關(guān)稅

“President Trump has focused on concluding a Phase One agreement that achieves meaningful, fully-enforceable structural changes and begins rebalancing the U.S.-China trade relationship.  This unprecedented agreement accomplishes those very significant goals and would not have been possible without the President’s strong leadership,” said United States Trade Representative Robert Lighthizer.  

貿(mào)易代表萊特希澤說：“特朗普總統(tǒng)致力于達成第一階段的協(xié)議，實現(xiàn)有意義的、完全可執(zhí)行的結(jié)構(gòu)性轉(zhuǎn)變，并開始重新平衡美-中貿(mào)易關(guān)系。這項史無前例的協(xié)議實現(xiàn)了這些非常重要的目標(biāo)，如果沒有特朗普總統(tǒng)的強有力的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)，這是不可能的。” 

“Today’s announcement of a Phase One agreement with China is another significant step forward in advancing President Trump’s economic agenda.  Thanks to the President’s leadership, this landmark agreement marks critical progress toward a more balanced trade relationship and a more level playing field for American workers and companies,” said Secretary of the Treasury Steven Mnuchin.  

財政部長姆欽說：“今天宣布的與中國達成的第一階段協(xié)議是推進特朗普總統(tǒng)經(jīng)濟議程的又一重要步驟。在總統(tǒng)的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)下，這一具有程碑式的協(xié)議標(biāo)志著（我們）朝著更平衡的貿(mào)易關(guān)系和為美國工人和公司提供更公平的競爭環(huán)境的關(guān)鍵進展。” 

The United States first imposed tariffs on imports from China based on the findings of the Section 301 investigation on China’s acts, policies, and practices related to technology transfer, intellectual property, and innovation. The United States will be maintaining 25 percent tariffs on approximately $250 billion of Chinese imports, along with 7.5 percent tariffson approximately $120 billion of Chinese imports.  

美國首次對來自中國的進口產(chǎn)品征收關(guān)稅，是基于對中國在技術(shù)轉(zhuǎn)讓、知識產(chǎn)權(quán)和創(chuàng)新方面的行為、政策和做法進行的301調(diào)查的結(jié)果。美國將對大約2500億美元的中國進口商品維持25%的關(guān)稅，對大約1200億美元的中國進口商品維持7.5%的關(guān)稅。

協(xié)議摘要：

Intellectual Property: The Intellectual Property (IP) chapter addresses numerous longstanding concerns in the areas of trade secrets, pharmaceutical-related intellectual property, geographical indications, trademarks, and enforcement against pirated and counterfeit goods. 

知識產(chǎn)權(quán)：知識產(chǎn)權(quán)章節(jié)涉及在商業(yè)秘密、與制藥相關(guān)的知識產(chǎn)權(quán)、地理標(biāo)識、商標(biāo)以及打擊盜版和假冒商品的執(zhí)法等領(lǐng)域中存在的眾多長期問題。

2.Technology Transfer: The Technology Transfer chapter sets out binding and enforceable obligations to addressseveral of the unfair technology transfer practices of China that were identified in USTR’s Section 301 investigation. For the first time in any trade agreement, China has agreed to end its long-standing practice of forcing orpressuring foreign companies to transfer their technology to Chinese companiesas a condition for obtaining market access, administrative approvals, orreceiving advantages from the government. China also commits to provide transparency, fairness, and due process in administrative proceedings and to have technology transfer and licensing take place on market terms. Separately, China further commits to refrain from directing or supporting outboundinvestments aimed at acquiring foreign technology pursuant to industrial plansthat create distortion. 

 技術(shù)轉(zhuǎn)讓：技術(shù)轉(zhuǎn)讓章節(jié)規(guī)定了有約束力和可執(zhí)行的義務(wù)，以應(yīng)對美國貿(mào)易代表辦公室301調(diào)查中發(fā)現(xiàn)的中國的若干不公平的技術(shù)轉(zhuǎn)讓行為。在所有貿(mào)易協(xié)定中，中國首次同意結(jié)束長期以來強迫或施壓外國公司向中國公司轉(zhuǎn)讓技術(shù)并以此作為獲得市場準入、行政審批或獲得政府優(yōu)勢的條件的做法。中國還承諾在行政訴訟中提供透明、公平和正當(dāng)程序，并在市場法則下進行技術(shù)轉(zhuǎn)讓和許可。此外，中國還承諾不根據(jù)造成扭曲的產(chǎn)業(yè)計劃，指導(dǎo)或支持旨在獲取外國技術(shù)的對外投資。 

3.Agriculture: The Agriculture Chapter addresses structural barriers to trade and will support a dramatic expansion of U.S. food, agriculture and seafood product exports, increasing American farmand fishery income, generating more rural economic activity, and promoting job growth. A multitude of non-tariff barriers to U.S. agriculture and seafood products are addressed, including for meat, poultry, seafood, rice, dairy, infant formula, horticultural products, animal feed and feed additives, petfood, and products of agriculture biotechnology.  

農(nóng)業(yè)：農(nóng)業(yè)章節(jié)涉及貿(mào)易的結(jié)構(gòu)性壁壘，并將支持美國食品、農(nóng)業(yè)和海產(chǎn)品出口的大幅擴大，增加美國農(nóng)業(yè)和漁業(yè)收入，創(chuàng)造更多的農(nóng)村經(jīng)濟活動，促進就業(yè)增長。針對美國農(nóng)業(yè)和海鮮產(chǎn)品的眾多非關(guān)稅壁壘將得到解決，包括肉類、家禽、海鮮、大米、奶制品、嬰兒配方奶粉、園藝產(chǎn)品、動物飼料和飼料添加劑、寵物食品以及農(nóng)業(yè)生物技術(shù)產(chǎn)品。

4.Financial Services: The Financial Services chapter addresses a number of longstanding trade and investment barriers to U.S. providers of a wide range of financial services, including banking, insurance, securities, and credit rating services, among others. These barriers include foreign equity limitations and discriminatory regulatory requirements. Removal of these barriers should allow U.S. financial service providers to compete on a more level playing field and expand their services export offerings in the Chinese market.  

金融服務(wù)：金融服務(wù)章節(jié)處理美國金融服務(wù)提供商長期存在的貿(mào)易和投資壁壘，包括銀行、保險、證券和信用評級等服務(wù)，包括：外國股本限制和歧視性監(jiān)管要求。消除這些障礙將使美國金融服務(wù)提供商能夠在更公平的競爭環(huán)境中競爭，并擴大它們在中國市場的服務(wù)出口產(chǎn)品。 

5.Currency: The chapter on Macroeconomic Policies and Exchange Rate Matters includes policy and transparency commitments on currency issues. The chapter addresses unfair currency practices by requiring high-standard commitments to refrain from competitive devaluations and targeting of exchange rates, while significantly increasing transparency and providing mechanisms for accountability and enforcement. This approach will help reinforce macroeconomic and exchange rate stability and ensure that China cannot use currency practices to unfairly compete against U.S. exporters.  

貨幣：關(guān)于“宏觀經(jīng)濟政策和匯率事項”的章節(jié)包括有關(guān)貨幣問題的政策和透明度承諾。這一章針對（中國）不公平的匯率做法，要求作出高標(biāo)準的承諾，避免競爭性貶值和（設(shè)置）匯率目標(biāo)，同時顯著提高透明度，并提供問責(zé)和執(zhí)行機制。這種做法將有助于加強宏觀經(jīng)濟和匯率穩(wěn)定，并確保中國不會利用匯率手段不公平地與美國出口商競爭。 

6.Expanding Trade: The Expanding Trade chapter includes commitments from China toimport various U.S. goods and services over the next two years in a total amount that exceeds China’s annual level of imports for those goods and services in 2017 by no less than $200 billion. China’s commitments cover a variety of U.S. manufactured goods, food, agricultural and seafood products, energy products, and services. China’s increased imports of U.S. goods and services are expected to continue on this same trajectory for several years after 2021 and should contribute significantly to the rebalancing of the U.S.-China trade relationship.  

擴大貿(mào)易：本章的內(nèi)容包括：中國承諾在未來兩年內(nèi)進口美國各種商品和服務(wù)，總額在中國2017年對這些商品和服務(wù)的年度進口額的基礎(chǔ)上增加不低于2000億美元。中國的承諾包括美國制造的各種產(chǎn)品、食品、農(nóng)產(chǎn)品和海產(chǎn)品、能源產(chǎn)品和服務(wù)。中國對美國商品和服務(wù)進口的增加預(yù)計將在2021年后的幾年里繼續(xù)保持這一趨勢，并將對美中貿(mào)易關(guān)系的再平衡做出重大貢獻。

7. Dispute Resolution: The Dispute Resolution chapter sets forth an arrangement to ensure the effective implementation of the agreement and to allow the parties to resolve disputes in a fair and expeditious manner. This arrangement creates regular bilateral consultations at both the principal level and the workinglevel. It also establishes strong procedures for addressing disputes related to the agreement and allows each party to take proportionate responsive actions that it deems appropriate.  

爭端解決：本章做了一些安排，以確保本協(xié)定得到有效執(zhí)行，并允許各方以公平和快速的方式解決爭端。這一安排在領(lǐng)導(dǎo)層級別和執(zhí)行層面建立了定期雙邊磋商機制。它還為處理與協(xié)議有關(guān)的爭端建立了強有力的程序，并允許每一當(dāng)事方采取它認為適當(dāng)?shù)南鄳?yīng)行動。