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論文:魚類leptin基因研究進展

發(fā)表時間:2023/08/14 10:47:11  來源:湖北農(nóng)業(yè)科學(xué) 2017年1期  作者:周洋 都彥伶 宿烽  瀏覽次數(shù):2006  
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摘要:簡述了近年來魚類leptin研究進展,介紹了魚類leptin基因的結(jié)構(gòu)、表達與分泌及生物學(xué)作用,分析了leptin對攝食和體重的調(diào)控、與新陳代謝的關(guān)系、對繁殖的調(diào)控以及對衰老的影響等。

關(guān)鍵詞:leptin;魚類;攝食;能耗;繁殖;衰老

中圖分類號:S917 文獻標(biāo)識碼:A 文章編號:0439-8114(2017)01-0005-05

DOI:10.14088/j.cnki.issn0439-8114.2017.01.002

Research Progress of Leptin in Fish

ZHOU Yang, DU Yan-ling, SU Feng

(College of Chemical Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266042, Shandong, China)

Abstract:This paper briefly summarizes the recent progress on the studies of leptin in fish. The structure, expression and secretion of leptin gene in fish and its biological function were introduced. The effects of leptin on the regulation of feeding and body weight, the metabolism, the regulation of reproduction and the effects on aging were analyzed.

Key words:leptin; fish; food intake; energy expenditure; reproduction; aging

1994年,利用定位克隆技術(shù)得到了小鼠和人的肥胖基因(obese gene),其編碼產(chǎn)物瘦素(leptin)由脂肪細(xì)胞合成釋放,在體重調(diào)節(jié)及能量代謝過程中發(fā)揮了重要作用。由于魚類leptin基因與哺乳動物的leptin相比同源性較低,直到2005年,根據(jù)人和小鼠的leptin基因,采用比較基因組學(xué)方法,才從紅鰭東方鲀(Takifugu rubripes)克隆到leptin基因序列,促進了魚類的leptin研究。自從紅鰭東方鲀leptin基因克隆成功后,接著數(shù)種魚類的leptin基因被克隆出來,并且利用多種分子生物學(xué)手段對魚類leptin功能展開研究。

1 leptin

1.1 leptin的結(jié)構(gòu)

迄今為止,已經(jīng)克隆的魚類leptin基因包括:紅鰭東方鲀、鯉(Cyprinus carpio)[1]、日本青鳉(Oryzias latipes)[2]、金魚(Carassius auratus)[3]、虹鱒魚(Oncorhynchus mykis)[4]、大馬哈魚(Oncorhynchus keta)[5]、羅非魚(Oreochromis niloticus)[6]、大西洋鮭(Salmo salar)[7]、斑馬魚(Danio rerio)[8]、北極紅點鮭(Salvelinus alpines)[9]、鰱魚(Hypophthalmichthys molitrix)、草魚(Ctenopharynogodon iddla)[10]、鱸(Morone saxatilis)[11]、大黃魚(Pseudosciaena crocea)[12]、石斑魚(Epinephelus coioides)[13]、黃顙魚(Pelteobagrus fulvidraco)[14]、白云山魚(Tanichthys albonubes)[15]、鮐鲅魚(Scomber japonicus)[16]、納氏臀點脂鯉(Pygocentrus nattereri)[17]。在某些魚類中存在兩種leptin基因,如日本青鳉中存在mLEP-A和mLEP-B[2],分別位于6號和23號染色體上,其中mLEP-A全長cDNA為849 bp,開放讀碼框編碼156 aa的蛋白質(zhì),mLEP-B全長cDNA為506 bp,開放讀碼框編碼158 aa的蛋白質(zhì);斑馬魚中存在leptin-a和leptin-b兩個基因[8],所編碼蛋白分別由166和168個氨基酸組成。紅鰭東方鲀中由一個未知基因的缺失導(dǎo)致它缺少leptin-b[18]。系統(tǒng)發(fā)育重建表明,由于魚類中的基因組復(fù)制導(dǎo)致部分魚類中存在不同亞型的leptin基因,魚類中發(fā)現(xiàn)的leptin基因主要有兩類:leptin-a和leptin-b。事實上,在魚類中絕大部分已克隆的leptin基因都是leptin-a。到目前為止,大馬哈魚、北極紅點鮭和黃顙魚中僅有一種leptin-a被發(fā)現(xiàn)[5,9,14];在鯉魚和大西洋鮭魚中發(fā)現(xiàn)兩種同源leptin-a[1,7],在羅非魚、石斑魚、鮐鲅魚中發(fā)現(xiàn)leptin-a和leptin-b[13,15,19]。序列比對發(fā)現(xiàn)日本青鳉mLEP-A和mLEP-B的氨基酸同源性僅為16.5%。同樣,斑馬魚中存在leptin-a和leptin-b兩個基因所編碼蛋白的氨基酸同源性也很低,只有24%。這說明來自同一基因復(fù)制后由于各自經(jīng)歷巨大變化,導(dǎo)致出現(xiàn)不同亞型的leptin基因。Copeland等[18]認(rèn)為目前還無法確定魚類中哪一種leptin基因與哺乳動物是直系同源的,因為在魚類leptin進化樹中是存在多個分枝,leptin-a和leptin-b基因混雜在不同進化分支中,不能明確判斷魚類中哪一種leptin基因與哺乳動物是直系同源的。因此,需要更多的魚類基因組數(shù)據(jù)以及l(fā)eptin-a和leptin-b的序列信息來闡明魚類leptin的進化過程。不同種魚類之間以及魚類與哺乳動物之間leptin的氨基酸一級結(jié)構(gòu)同源性很低。然而,魚類leptin基因結(jié)構(gòu)與哺乳動物類似,由信號肽與成熟肽組成,具有分泌蛋白的特征,并且蛋白的二級和三級結(jié)構(gòu)高度保守,都含有4個反向平行的α-螺旋及兩個半胱氨酸形成的二硫鍵[1,4,20,21],表明它們可能執(zhí)行相似功能。

1.2 leptin受體(LEPR)

激素總是通過受體發(fā)揮作用。Leptin通過與LEPR結(jié)合來調(diào)節(jié)攝食和能量平衡。魚類LEPR基因首先在日本青鳉中克隆出來,發(fā)現(xiàn)LEPR的cDNA包含一個3 225 bp的開放閱讀框,編碼1 074個氨基酸的蛋白質(zhì)[22]。隨后,人們分別在紅鰭東方鲀[23]、斑馬魚[24]、大西洋鮭魚[7]、石斑魚[13]、黃顙魚[14]和鮐鲅魚[16]等魚類中克隆出leptin長型受體的完整編碼區(qū),并從基因組定位、組織分布和發(fā)育表達調(diào)控等角度進行了初步研究,發(fā)現(xiàn)魚類LEPR在分子進化過程中相對保守。此外,LEPR中與leptin結(jié)合結(jié)構(gòu)域也比較保守[2,7,14,18]。

1.3 leptin的表達與分泌

RT-PCR檢測表明紅鰭東方鲀leptin主要在肝臟中表達,在卵巢中也有少量表達,而在腦、垂體、肌肉、腎臟等組織中沒有檢測到leptin的表達。有的魚類肥胖基因存在多拷貝,而不同亞型leptin的表達組織也存在一定的差異。在斑馬魚中,leptin-a主要在肝臟中表達,并且在檢測的各組織中,leptin-a的表達都高于leptin-b,leptin-b主要在卵巢中表達[8];在日本青鳉中,mLEP-A也是主要在肝臟中表達,而mLEP-B主要在腦和眼睛中表達[2];草魚leptin-a也主要是在肝臟表達[10];在石斑魚中,leptin-a主要在小腦、肝臟、卵巢中表達,leptin-b在腦的各部分都有表達,在卵巢中也有表達[13];成年雌鮐鲅魚leptin-a只在肝臟中表達,leptin-b主要在腦中表達[16]。由此可見,魚類leptin主要在肝臟中大量表達,這與哺乳類leptin主要在脂肪細(xì)胞表達不同。

2 leptin的生物學(xué)作用

2.1 leptin對攝食和體重的調(diào)控

在鯉魚中,肝臟leptin基因表達水平在攝食后會有所上升,這與老鼠實驗觀察結(jié)果相似[25],說明魚類leptin表達水平與其營養(yǎng)狀態(tài)有關(guān)[1]。自從在鯉魚中探究了leptin與攝食的關(guān)系,陸續(xù)有許多實驗開始探討leptin對食物攝入量的影響。有趣的是,一些研究證明一段時間饑餓后leptin表達水平增加[15,26,27],這可能說明leptin是一個能增加食欲而不是使食欲減退的作用因素。饑餓處理的虹鱒魚腹部皮瓣處leptin-a1表達量比喂食虹鱒魚甚至是喂食2 d后的饑餓處理虹鱒魚高,表明組織leptin的作用在長期內(nèi)穩(wěn)態(tài)調(diào)節(jié)能量[28]。然而,向魚腹腔注射或腦室內(nèi)注射同源或異種leptin蛋白后,觀察結(jié)果始終都是食物攝入量減少[4,29,30,31]。Volkoff等[32]研究發(fā)現(xiàn),低劑量的leptin就能抑制金魚大腦中神經(jīng)肽Y(NPY)的合成,然而當(dāng)單獨給金魚施用外源性的NPY時,卻對金魚的攝食沒有影響,NPY能夠刺激攝食,增加血漿胰島素和糖皮質(zhì)激素的濃度[33],這表明NPY對leptin的反應(yīng)性增加,很可能是通過leptin受體的一個向上調(diào)節(jié)機制來進行的,在形成一個負(fù)反饋回路的基礎(chǔ)上維持?jǐn)z食和能量平衡。這說明leptin對攝食、能量消耗及脂類代謝的調(diào)控存在急性效應(yīng)。

2.2 leptin與新陳代謝

魚類中,leptin在新陳代謝中扮演了重要的角色。在缺氧條件下,哺乳動物脂肪細(xì)胞增加leptin的表達和分泌,并發(fā)現(xiàn)缺氧誘導(dǎo)因子-1(HIF-1)的調(diào)節(jié)與leptin基因有關(guān)[34,35,36]。在魚類中也發(fā)現(xiàn)了類似的HIF-1通路[37,38]。Chu等[39]分別在成年斑馬魚的肝臟和它們的胚胎中檢測了組織缺氧和HIF-1對leptin基因表達的影響,結(jié)果表明斑馬魚的leptin是一個缺氧誘導(dǎo)基因,這個基因或許是通過與HIF-1相互作用而被刺激的[40]。為了適應(yīng)缺氧的環(huán)境,除了增加leptin的表達量,還提高血紅蛋白攜氧力,顯著改變神經(jīng)肽/南美豚鼠相關(guān)蛋白(NPY/AgRP)、促阿片-黑素細(xì)胞皮質(zhì)素原(POMC)的下丘腦反饋路線[41]。近期研究發(fā)現(xiàn)leptin還與疾病介導(dǎo)厭氧的厭食反應(yīng)有關(guān)[42]。Bernier 和MacDonald的研究說明,增加leptin表達不是因為減少了攝食而是由于缺氧引起的。魚類在低溫和缺氧的環(huán)境中,可能由leptin調(diào)節(jié)能量消耗和食物攝入量之間的平衡。

大多數(shù)魚的甘油三酯除儲存在內(nèi)臟、頭部、皮下的脂肪組織外,還儲存在肌肉和肝臟中。多項研究一致認(rèn)為,leptin促進脂肪降解從而降低脂肪生成。金魚體內(nèi)注射人類leptin蛋白后導(dǎo)致肝臟脂質(zhì)含量降低[3];藍太陽魚(Lepomis cyanellus)體內(nèi)注射鼠leptin蛋白,脂肪酸結(jié)合蛋白和肉毒堿棕櫚酰轉(zhuǎn)移酶增加[31]。在草魚試驗中,leptin可以顯著地減少肝臟脂蛋白脂酶(LPL)和硬脂酰輔酶A脫氫酶-1(SCD1)基因的表達[10]。

2.3 leptin對繁殖的調(diào)控

很多關(guān)于魚類leptin的功能研究表明魚類leptin對其繁殖發(fā)育有一定的影響。例如多種魚類LEPR在魚類下丘腦側(cè)面結(jié)節(jié)核中大量表達,也在子宮、卵巢等生殖系統(tǒng)中表達[7,14,24]。哺乳動物leptin可以增加海鱸(Dicentrarchus labrax)合成分泌黃體生成素和生長乳素[43,44]。另外,體外試驗研究表明,利用人類leptin可以促進雌性虹鱒魚中垂體釋放卵泡刺激素和黃體生成素[45]。最近,有研究對比發(fā)育成熟和未成熟的三文魚血漿leptin含量和肝臟leptin基因表達水平,結(jié)果表明性腺成熟的三文魚leptin mRNA水平顯著升高,血漿leptin含量也有所上升[46]。同樣,在另一種鮭科魚類中,雌性和雄性香魚在排卵季節(jié),血漿leptin含量都有所升高[47]。相反,淡水鱈魚血漿leptin含量在排卵前和排卵期較低,但在排卵后能量儲存較低的一段時間內(nèi)有所上升[48]。

2.4 leptin對衰老的影響

衰老和肥胖息息相關(guān),一方面中年階段開始變肥胖,另一方面肥胖加速衰老,使肌肉萎縮、神經(jīng)退變。衰老與脂肪量增加以及中央和外周leptin抗性有關(guān),即使在青年期,leptin抗性也是衰老和肥胖的一種常見特征[49]。無論在何種年齡段,肥胖能提高leptin抗性[50]。在哺乳動物中,leptin對記憶力和神經(jīng)保護也發(fā)揮了作用:leptin通過激活鉀離子通道以刺激海馬神經(jīng)元;leptin受體缺陷型老鼠,其空間學(xué)習(xí)能力受損,這有可能說明leptin信號影響神經(jīng)元興奮和突觸可塑性[51]。Leptin通過與受體連接,調(diào)節(jié)CDK5、AMPK、GSK3 β和STAT3等關(guān)鍵通路,在神經(jīng)保護中起重要作用[52]。還有實驗證明leptin對多巴胺能神經(jīng)細(xì)胞和其他細(xì)胞、大腦區(qū)域有保護作用[52,53]。Leptin通過影響神經(jīng)內(nèi)分泌,達到熱量限制、延長壽命的效果[54]。熱量限制可以提高胰島素的敏感性和葡萄糖利用的有效性,而leptin能影響胰島素和葡萄糖利用率:leptin增加葡萄糖利用率[55],胰島素促進脂肪組織leptin基因的表達[56,57],分泌的leptin反過來抑制胰島素,胰島素信號降低,對胰島素的敏感性增強,血漿胰島素樣生長因子-1(IGF-1)水平下降,大分子物質(zhì)氧化損傷降低,應(yīng)激抵抗增強[58]。由于魚類leptin的生物學(xué)功能類似于哺乳動物且有相似的信號通路,可以預(yù)測魚類leptin可能也對衰老有一定的影響。

綜上所述,經(jīng)過多年的研究,對魚類leptin的結(jié)構(gòu)、表達及生物學(xué)功能都有了一定的認(rèn)識。Leptin在哺乳動物和嚙齒動物中的研究比較多,而對魚類leptin生物學(xué)功能的研究比較少,特別是結(jié)合leptin對魚類攝食、營養(yǎng)、生殖和衰老的影響研究寥寥無幾,值得并亟待深入開展。

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